Codling moth wing morphology changes due to insecticide resistance ivana pajac. Insecticide resistance trials at the penn state fruit research and extension center, along with recent apple load rejections due to internal worms, indicate a need to refocus attention on strategies to slow down the development of insecticide resistance in codling moth. Insecticide resistance in the codling moth cydia pomonella. Codling moth larvae damage fruit directly making it a pest that can be tolerated at only very low levels. Codling moths are not large, as the full grown adult codling moth has an average length of 10 mm and wingspan of 20 mm. Resistance monitoring is crucial to the effective management of resistance in codling moth. Insecticide resistance may enhance the response to a hostplant volatile kairomone for the codling moth, cydia pomonella l. It is a reduced risk insecticide that has little or no effect on beneficial insects and mites. Bacillus thuringiensisbt is the most widely used biopesticide lacey et al. Variation in response to insecticide in codling moth, cydia pomonella l.
Its resistance to synthetic insecticides organophosphates, pyrethroids, abamectin, benzoylureas, benzhydrazides, neonicotinoids, and macrocyclic lactones has been reported in several countries since the. However, such an adaptive process has been associated with an increased heterogeneity in. Almost everyone has bitten into a wormy apple or pear, an unpleasant experience. Codling moth resistance to some of the older insecticides that had been used for control. Codling moth granulovirus is an effective organically acceptable tool to control codling moth. Resistance of codling moth, cydia pomonella msu tree fruit. Broadspectrum insecticide resistance was detected for codling moth. Dates for the remaining locations will be provided when available. Cydia pomonella, codling moth, resistance, apple orchard introduction the codling moth cydia pomonella l. Its not the moth stage of this pest which damages your apples its the caterpillar stage of its life which burrows into your apples. Life history tradeoffs between insecticide resistance and.
Alternative techniques for dealing with codling moth have been widely accepted by farmers, and have reduced orchard pesticide use by 80. Codling moth is a key pest of apple, which attacks the fruit directly causing economic damage at low population densities. Do not apply to large trees unless adequate spray coverage can be verified. For seven decades, chemical measures have been the mainstay of codling moth control, but insecticide use is beginning to fail on a worldwide scale due to evolution of pesticideresistant strains. Three populations of codling moth in neonate larvae were evaluated for resistance to seven insecticides via diet bioassays, and compared with a susceptible population. Phenological segregation of insecticide resistance alleles. Pdf insecticide resistance in the codling moth cydia. Efforts to control the codling moth in the past mostly relied on the use of broad spectrum insecticide sprays, which has resulted in the development of insecticide. Identify and treat codling moth with our experts advice. Insecticide resistance trials at the penn state fruit research and extension center, along with recent apple load rejections due to internal. Pdf codling moth wing morphology changes due to insecticide.
The work in this proposal is designed to screen for insecticide resistance in uk populations of codling moth, and to identify the genomic location of insecticide resistances to several insecticides in the wider european population of codling moth. They are distinguished from other similar moths in the family tortricidae by the distinctive patterns on their forewings. Sep 17, 2019 genes involved in insecticide resistance revealed by genome data of the codling moth, cydia pomonella. Pdf the codling moth cydia pomonella l is controlled mostly with chemical insecticides in greece and control failures have been reported. Tradeoffs between insecticide resistance and development time in codling moth. Applecodling moth pacific northwest pest management. Pleiotropy of insecticide resistance in the codling moth, cydia. Phenological segregation of insecticide resistance alleles in.
In this study, we compared the larval and pupal developmental times, pupal mass wing surface area and wing fluctuating asymmetry fa in insecticide resistant and control strains of codling moth, cydia pomonella l. Relative fitness of one susceptible strain sv and two strains selected for resistance to diflubenzuron rt and deltamethrin rv, respectively, was measured in the absence of insecticide selection pressure. However, such an adaptive process has been associated with an increased heterogeneity in the developmental responses to climatic factors such as temperature. Growers should not rely on a single insecticide mode of action throughout the year to control codling moth. Deltamethrin resistance in the codling moth lepidoptera. Codling moth treatment timing is coming up in midmay for many areas of northern utah. Two techniques topical application and direct incorporation of insecticide into the trap adhesive were used to. Our aim was to determine the level of insecticide resistance in spanish field populations. The codling moth is one of the principal pests of apple in the world. We examined the insecticide resistance status of 33 and 38 populations of fifthinstar nondiapausing and diapausing larvae, respectively by applying bioassays, biochemical and dna. Correlated insecticide crossresistance in azinphosmethyl resistant codling moth lepidoptera. Orchard pest management provides a practical reference on tree fruit ipm.
Applecodling moth pacific northwest pest management handbooks. The codling moth has recently developed simple, cross and multiple resistance to various pesticides. The wings fold into a tentlike shape when the moths are resting. Tortricidae, to insecticides has become a major problem in many apple and pear production areas. Costs of insecticide resistance in cydia pomonella. Two techniques topical application and direct incorporation of insecticide into the trap adhesive were used to assay male moths caught in pheromone traps. The resistance has forced growers in those regions to adopt alternative control strategies, mainly using pheromone mating disruption andor codling moth granulovirus. Their appearance blends well with most tree bark, making them difficult to detect.
Codling moths northwest center for alternatives to. If a codling moth source exists nearby, use border sprays five to six rows of insecticides. Fortunately, there are new labeled insecticide alternatives for codling moth control on apples with different modes of action. Its not the moth stage of this pest which damages your apples its the caterpillar stage.
Codling moths have accounted for more damage to apples then any other pest. Pesticide resistance in codling moth back the work in this proposal is designed to screen for insecticide resistance in uk populations of codling moth, and to identify the genomic location of insecticide resistances to several insecticides in the wider european population of codling moth. Improvement of the sterile insect technique for codling. Pdf insecticide resistance status of the coodling moth cydia. Codling moth wsu tree fruit washington state university. Increasing concern about codling moth resistance to. However, there are no insecticide resistance studies in the country as yet. The inheritance of deltamethrin resistance in cydia pomonella l. A chromosomelevel genome assembly of cydia pomonella. The table of dates provides two options for managing the first generation. Codling moths northwest center for alternatives to pesticides.
Insecticide resistance action committee the cm questionnairesurvey regional survey of codling moth resistance designed for given region basic field data in xxx country. Intensive application of chemicalbased insecticide treatments for the control of cm has led to resistance. Tortricidae, has developed resistance to various insecticides. Insecticide resistance in codling moth field populations has been related mainly to increased enzymatic metabolization and targetsite mutations voudouris et al. Codling moth, cydia laspeyresia pomonella, is a serious insect pest of apples, pears, and english walnuts.
Pears have some natural resistance to attack by codling moth when fruit are small because of their hardness, however, pears can become heavily infested in late summer as they mature. Insecticide resistance status of the codling moth cydia. Field resistance issues moderate decreasing low resistance knowledge and investigation tools moderate increasing high maintaining effective control strategies for codling moth, cydia pomonella insecticide resistance action committee. Pdf insecticide resistance status of the coodling moth. Dominguez davila 3, katarina maryann mikac 4 and renata bazok 1. Increasing concern about codling moth resistance to insecticides larry gut and john wise entomology controlling populations of codling moth cm with previously reliable insecticides applied at the label dosage and at the proper time has become difficult for some michigan growers. With apple ipm, degree day models are used primarily for three insects, oriental fruit moth, san jose scale and codling moth. Codling moth prefers apple but also attacks pear, largefruited hawthorn and quince. Do not apply to large trees unless adequate spray coverage can be. Insect hosts, life stages, life histories, damage, monitoring, biological control, and management are described for most major and minor pests in orchards as well as major natural enemies. Identification larva pinkishwhite caterpillar with black or mottled black head. Adult brownishgray moth about 1012 mm long with a copper spot on the end of each forewing. Codling moth adults are about 12 to 34 inch long with mottled gray wings that they hold tentlike over their bodies figure 1.
Innovation in the biological control of codling moth and oriental fruit moth with madex twin cydx is an aqueous suspension concentrate biological insecticide from certis usa. Worldwide variability of insecticide resistance mechanisms in the codling moth, cydia pomonella l. Codling moth wing morphology changes due to insecticide. Resistance development is one of the major problems in applying the insecticides for the control of c. Life history mature codling moth larvae overwinter in silken cocoons in protected sites on the tree under loose bark, in cracks and crevices, in the soil or in wooden materials under or. Broadspectrum resistance presents serious problems for management of the codling moth in michigan. In california, races of codling moth attack prune and walnut. A worm in homegrown fruit is not really a worm, but most likely a codling moth caterpillar. Monitoring and characterization of insecticide resistance. Their unique biology combined with their physical attributes makes them forever a formidable foe to anyone that grows apples. In southern germany there have been reports of resistance to one strain of cmgv.
The obvious benefits associated with insecticide resistance for pest species may come at a cost to other lifehistory traits. Only use in orchards with lowtomoderate codling moth populations. Intensive application of chemicalbased insecticide treatments for the control of cm has led to resistance development. Pest management challenges and control practices in codling moth. Insecticide resistance management for codling moth.
Snps in 667 genes involved in the azinphos methyl a and deltamethrin b resistance. Option a is the traditional method, where the first insecticide coincides with egg hatch. Pdf insecticide resistance may enhance the response to a. Jul 12, 2016 the codling moth is one of the principal pests of apple in the world. Genes involved in insecticide resistance revealed by genome data of the codling moth, cydia pomonella. They can be a problem in commercial orchards as well as for backyard fruit trees. If the orchard has a history of codling moth problems, use one or more insecticide applications against the first generation.
Both strains are clearly differentiable by their gst and mfo activities reyes et al. New management programs have been developed and implemented that rely more heavily on other classes of insecticides. Crossresistance between azinphosmethyl and acetamiprid. Resistance to insect growth inhibitors dimilin 48 sc and. Codling moth populations are widely resistant to conventional and insect growth regulator insecticides in southern and central europe. Codling moth wing morphology changes due to insecticide resistance article pdf available in insects 1010. Worldwide variability of insecticide resistance mechanisms in. Resistance of spanish codling moth cydia pomonella.
Pleiotropy of insecticide resistance in the codling moth. Maintaining effective control strategies for codling moth. The identification of sources of resistance is crucial. Welter and frances cave department of environmental science, policy, and management university of california, berkeley, ca studies have indicated that codling moths resistant from lab selections to. Whether you have 1 tree or an orchard spanning hundreds of acres, codling moths can take away your harvest quickly and. Selection for insecticide resistance in the codling moth cydia pomonella results from allelic substitution at two to three loci in southeastern french populations of this species. Hear a national public radio story from 29 sep 2007 on this problem.
Assessment of insecticide resistance in eggs and neonate. Pdf insecticide resistance in the codling moth cydia pomonella. Seven field populations collected from apple, malus domestica borkhausen rosaceae, orchards, and three laboratory susceptible strains of. Crossresistance between azinphosmethyl and acetamiprid in. Lepidoptera tortricidae is a key pest of pome fruit apple, pear and quince and walnut orchards in most temperate regions of the world. Stara and others published insecticide resistance in the codling moth cydia pomonella find, read and cite all the. Dominguez davila 3, katarina maryann mikac 4 and renata bazok 1 1 department for agricultural zoology, faculty of agriculture, university of zagreb, 0 zagreb. Degree day accumulations are used to predict when certain biological events occur, such as egg laying, egg hatch, or scale crawler movement, they also synchronize for. Worldwide variability of insecticide resistance mechanisms.
The life cycle involves one complete and one partial generation per year in southern britain, though two generations occur in hot summers. Resistance to new selective chemistries and potential changes in developmental rates stephen c. Jun 01, 2012 the obvious benefits associated with insecticide resistance for pest species may come at a cost to other lifehistory traits. Although codling moth larvae are susceptible to cry 1 and some of the other bt toxins andermatt et al. Resistance to azinphosmethyl, lambdacyhalothrin and methoxyfenozide was associated with reduced residual activity in the. May 07, 2018 codling moth treatment timing is coming up in midmay for many areas of northern utah. Stara and others published insecticide resistance in the codling moth cydia pomonella find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. It contains a naturally occurring virus that infects and kills larvae of the codling moth cydia pomonella. Analytical procedures adult moths were sexed before analysis. Owing to its economic importance, it is a highly controlled species and the intense selection pressure the species is under has likely caused it to change its phenotype in response.
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